Espionage investigations in Poland doubled in 2025 amid rising threats from Russia and Belarus, with increased Chinese intelligence activity and emerging youth radicalization by ISIS also noted.

Poland's Internal Security Agency (ABW) reported that espionage investigations related to Russia and Belarus doubled in 2025 compared to 2024, reaching 48 investigations in 2025. Over the two years 2024-2025, Poland conducted 69 espionage investigations, equaling the total for 1991-2023. The ABW highlighted intensified hybrid warfare activities, including sabotage and espionage on behalf of Russia, with arrested networks including Ukrainians and Belarusians acting under Russia’s FSB direction. China is increasing intelligence activities in Poland via lobbying and recruitment of experts, academics and officials. Terrorism threats remain low but increasing radicalization of youth inspired by Islamic State was noted with multiple arrests of 18-19 year olds planning attacks. The ABW emphasized preventing sabotage attacks on military facilities, critical infrastructure and public utilities. The report described novel recruitment tactics by Russian intelligence through social media and financial incentives.